Article

Optimum Therapies for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Managed with Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Register or Login to View PDF Permissions
Permissions× For commercial reprint enquiries please contact Springer Healthcare: ReprintsWarehouse@springernature.com.

For permissions and non-commercial reprint enquiries, please visit Copyright.com to start a request.

For author reprints, please email rob.barclay@radcliffe-group.com.
Average (ratings)
No ratings
Your rating

Disclosure: Bruce R Brodie has taken part in Speakers Bureaux for Medicines Company and MedRad.

Received:

Accepted:

Correspondence Details:Bruce R Brodie, 313 Meadowbrook Terrace, Greensboro, NC 27408, US. E: bbrodie89@gmail.com

Copyright Statement:

The copyright in this work belongs to Radcliffe Medical Media. Only articles clearly marked with the CC BY-NC logo are published with the Creative Commons by Attribution Licence. The CC BY-NC option was not available for Radcliffe journals before 1 January 2019. Articles marked ‘Open Access’ but not marked ‘CC BY-NC’ are made freely accessible at the time of publication but are subject to standard copyright law regarding reproduction and distribution. Permission is required for reuse of this content.

Abstract

This article reviews optimum therapies for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Optimum anti-thrombotic therapy includes aspirin, bivalirudin and the new anti-platelet agents prasugrel or ticagrelor. Stent thrombosis (ST) has been a major concern but can be reduced by achieving optimal stent deployment, use of prasugrel or ticagrelor, selective use of drug-eluting stents (DES) and use of new generation DES. Large thrombus burden is often associated poor outcomes. Patients with moderate to large thrombus should be managed with aspiration thrombectomy and patients with giant thrombus should be treated with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and may require rheolytic thrombectomy. The great majority of STEMI patients presenting at non-PCI hospitals can best be managed with transfer for primary PCI even with substantial delays. A small group of patients who present very early, who are at high clinical risk and have long delays to PCI, may best be treated with a pharmaco-invasive strategy.

To view the full article, please click on the PDF icon.

References

  1. Stone GW, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, et al., for the HORIZONS- AMI Trial Investigators. Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 2008;358(21):2218–30.
    Crossref | PubMed
  2. Stone GW, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, et al., for the HORIZONS- AMI Trial Investigators. Heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor versus bivalirudin monotherapy and paclitaxel-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in acute myocardial infarction (HORIZONS-AMI): final 3-year results from a multicentre, randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 2011;377(9784):2193–204.
    Crossref | PubMed
  3. Suh JW, Mehran R, Claessen BE, et al., Impact of in-hospital major bleeding on late clinical outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction. The HORIZONS- AMI (Harmonizing Outcomes With Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Trial, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011;58(17):1750–6.
    Crossref | PubMed
  4. Montalescot G, Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, et al., Prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (TRITON-TIMI 38): double-blind, randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 2009;373:723–31.
    Crossref | PubMed
  5. Steg PG, James S, Harrington RA, et al., Ticagrelor Versus Clopidigrel in Patients With ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes Intended for Reperfusion With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) Trial Subgroup Analysis, Circulation, 2010;122:2131–41.
    Crossref | PubMed
  6. Kukreja N, Onuma Y, Garcia-Garcia HM, et al., The Risk of Stent Thrombosis in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Treated With Bare-Metal and Drug-Eluting Stents, J Am Coll Cardiol Intv, 2009;2:534–41.
    Crossref | PubMed
  7. Nakazawa G, Finn AV, Joner M, et al., Delayed arterial healing and increased late stent thrombosis at culprit sites after drug-eluting stent placement for acute myocardial infarction patients: an autopsy study, Circulation, 2008;118(11):1138–45.
    Crossref | PubMed
  8. Guo N, Maehara A, Mintz GS, et al., Incidence, mechanisms, predictors, and clinical impact of acute and late stent malapposition after primary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction: an intravascular ultrasound substudy of the Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS-AMI) trial, Circulation, 2010;122(11):1077–84.
    Crossref | PubMed
  9. Stone GW, Lansky AJ, Pocock SJ, et al., for the HORIZONS-AMI Trial Investigators. Paclitaxel-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in acute myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 2009;360(19):1946–59.
    Crossref | PubMed
  10. Brodie B, Pokharel Y, Fleishman N, et al., Very late stent thrombosis after primary percutaneous coronary intervention with bare-metal and drug-eluting stents for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a 15-year single-center experience, JACC Cardiovasc Interv , 2011;4(1):30–8.
    Crossref | PubMed
  11. Sianos G, Papafaklis MI, Daeman J, et al., Angiographic stent thrombosis after routine use of drug-eluting stents in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007;50:573–83.
    Crossref | PubMed
  12. Stone GW, Parise H, Witzenbichler B, et al., Selection criteria for drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents and the impact of routine angiographic follow-up: 2-year insights from the HORIZONS-AMI (Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction) trial, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2010;56(19):1597–604.
    Crossref | PubMed
  13. Planer D, Smits PC, Kereiakes DJ, et al., Comparison of Everolimus- and Paclitaxel-Eluting Stents in Patients with Acute and Stable Coronary System: Pooled Results From the SPIRIT (A Clinical Evaluation of the XIENCE V Everolimus Eluting Coronary Stent Syndrome) and COMPARE (A Trial of Everolimus-Eluting Stents and Paclitaxel-Eluting Stents for Coronary Revascularization in Daily Practice) Trials, JACC Cardiovasc Interv , 2011;4(10):1104–15.
    Crossref | PubMed
  14. Svilaas T, Vlaar PJ, van der Horst IC, et al., Thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention, N Engl J Med, 2008;358:557–67.
    Crossref | PubMed
  15. Vlaar PJ, Svilaas T, van der Horst IC, et al., Cardiac death and reinfarction after 1 year in the thrombus aspiration during percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction study (TAPAS): a 1-year follow-up study, Lancet, 2008;371:1915–20.
    Crossref | PubMed
  16. Ali A, Cox D, Dib N, et al., Rheolytic thrombectomy with percutaneous coronary intervention for infarct size reduction in acute myocardial infarction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006;48:244–52.
    Crossref | PubMed
  17. Migliorini A, Stabile A, Rodrigeuz AE, et al., Comparison of AngioJet Rheolytic Thrombectomy Before Direct Infarct Artery Stenting With Direct Stenting Alone in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: The JETSTENT Trial, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2010;56:1298–306.
    Crossref | PubMed
  18. Gibson CM, Maehara A, Lansky A, et al., Rationale and design of the INFUSE-AMI study: A 2×2 factorial, randomized, multicenter, single-blind evaluation of intracoronary abciximab infusion and aspiration thrombectomy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, Am Heart J, 2011;162(3):478–86.
    Crossref
  19. Ellis SG, Tendera M, Belder MA, et al., Facilitated PCI in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 2008;358:2205–17.
    Crossref | PubMed
  20. Gersh BJ, Stone GW, White HD, Holmes DR, Pharmacological facilitation of primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: Is the slope of the curve the shape of the future?, JAMA, 2005;293:979–86.
    Crossref | PubMed
  21. Brodie BR, Gersh BJ, Stuckey T, et al., When is door-to-balloon time critical: Analysis from the HORIZONS-AMI and CADILLAC Trials, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2010;56:407–13.
    Crossref | PubMed
  22. Brodie BR, Editorial, Facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention: Still searching for the right patients, JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2011;4(6):615–7.
    Crossref | PubMed
  23. Di Mario C, Dudek D, Piscione F, et al., Immediate angioplasty versus standard therapy with rescue angioplasty after thrombolysis in the Combined Abciximab REteplase Stent Study in Acute Myocardial Infarction (CARESS-in-AMI): an open, prospective, randomized, multicentre trial, Lancet, 2008; 371:559–68.
    Crossref | PubMed
  24. Cantor WJ, Fitchett D, Borgundvaag B, et al., Routine early angioplasty after fibrinolysis for acute myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 2009;360:2705–18.
    Crossref | PubMed